Jurnal TNI Angkatan Udara

1. THE ROLE OF AIR POLICING IN ACHIEVING AIR SUPERIORITY: AN ANALYSIS WITH NATO AIR POLICING CASE STUDY

Andri Gandhy — 2026-05-19

Air policing serves as a critical mechanism for maintaining airspace integrity within nations or alliances, directly contributing to air superiority in military defense contexts. This paper analyzes the role of air policing in establishing and sustaining air dominance, focusing on the NATO Air Policing case study. Employing qualitative and quantitative approaches, including literature review, historical data, statistical tables, and graphs, we explore how air policing functions as deterrence, rapid response, and a foundation for broader military operations. The NATO case since 2004 demonstrates over 300 annual interceptions in recent periods, reinforcing alliance solidarity and preventing conflict escalation. In-depth analysis, enhanced by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for prioritizing factors, Monte Carlo simulations for risk assessment, and relevant theories such as deterrence theory and air power theory, reveals air policing as a strategic element supporting modern military doctrines where air superiority is prerequisite for ground and naval operations. Findings emphasize the integration of advanced technologies like radar and fifth-generation fighters to enhance effectiveness. This paper concludes that air policing is a foundational pillar for air superiority, with implications for global defense policies in geopolitical tensions.

2. ANALYSIS OF ENGINE PYLON STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND ITS IMPACT ON FLIGHT SAFETY:CASE STUDY OF MD-11F (N259UP)

Muchammad furqon M — 2026-05-19

This study aims to analyze the catastrophic structural failure experienced by
a UPS McDonnell Douglas MD-11F (N259UP) cargo aircraft on November 4, 2025, in
Louisville, Kentucky. The investigation focused on the detachment of the number 1 engine
due to engine pylon failure during takeoff. Through metallurgical analysis and a review of
the NTSB investigation report, fatigue cracking in the forward mount fitting was found to be
the primary cause of the engine detachment. The results revealed gaps in routine
inspection methods for aging aircraft. The study concluded that transitioning to Structural
Health Monitoring technology and fleet modernization are crucial risk mitigation measures
for the global air cargo industry.

3. AIRPORT EMERGENCY DIESEL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT USING BATTERY INTERNAL RESISTANCE MONITORING ANALYSIS

Ahmad Ilham Kamal — 2026-05-19

Emergency diesel generator is a very important system in every industry including
the airport industry because this system supports the electricity of important equipment when
a blackout occurs. in the emergency diesel generator system, there is a battery as a starter for
the diesel engine. if the battery capacity decreases, the diesel generator will not be able to
start the engine, therefore in the emergency diesel generator system, regular battery
maintenance is needed to maintain system reliability. in this journal, preventive maintenance
on the battery will be explained, especially on the emergency diesel generator system battery.
one indicator of decreased capacity in the battery is an increase in its internal resistance value.
in preventive battery maintenance, analyzing the increase in internal resistance can be a
reference for replacing a new battery.

4. ECONOMIC ASYMMETRY IN DRONE WARFARE A CASE STUDY OF IRAN'S SHAHED-136 OPERATION AGAINST ISRAEL'S IRON DOME DEFENSE SYSTEM

Ahmad Ilham Kamal — 2026-05-19

The advent of low-cost loitering munitions has revolutionized modern warfare,
creating a profound economic imbalance between offensive and defensive capabilities. In the
Middle East, the deployment of Iran's Shahed-136 drone against Israel's Iron Dome defense
system serves as a prime example of a "cost-imposing" strategy in asymmetric warfare.
Objective: This study aims to quantify the economic disproportion between the production and
deployment costs of the Shahed-136 drone and the operational costs of the Iron Dome
system. It explores how this cost ratio impacts long-term national defense budgets and
strategic sustainability. Methodology: This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach
supported by comparative economic modelling. Data are synthesized from defense budget
reports, estimates of the Shahed-136 manufacturing costs, and the unit cost of the Iron Dome
Tamir interceptor missile. The analysis uses the Cost-Exchange Ratio (CER) to evaluate the
economic efficiency of both sides. Results: The study's findings reveal a sharp economic
asymmetry, with a single Shahed-136 estimated to cost between $20,000 and $50,000,
depending on configuration, while a single Tamir interceptor missile costs approximately
$40,000 to $100,000, depending on configuration. When factoring in "saturation attacks" (or
drone swarms), defense costs increase exponentially, not only through missile expenditure
but also through the economic disruption caused by airstrike warnings and collateral
infrastructure damage if interceptions fail. Conclusion: The study concludes that while Iron
Dome remains tactically effective in saving lives, its current economic trajectory is
unsustainable against the threat of low-cost, mass-produced drones. The study suggests that
to maintain strategic stability, the defense framework must transition to lower-cost interception
technologies, such as directed energy weapons (lasers/Iron Beam), to neutralize the
economic advantage currently held by offensive drone platforms.

5. EXPERIMENTAL FIGHTER AIRCRAFT GROUND MANEUVER SIMULATION

Ida Farida — 2026-05-19

This study aims to explore and analyze various factors that affect ground
maneuvers on fighter aircraft, focusing on the steering system and landing gear design.
Fighter aircraft, as a major component in military operations, must not only have optimal air
maneuverability, but also be able to maneuver on the ground effectively and efficiently. The
ability to move quickly and precisely on the ground is essential. Precise ground maneuvers
not only ensure the safety of the aircraft, but also affect operational efficiency and response
time in dealing with emergency situations. In this study, simulations were conducted using a
mathematical model developed in MATLAB/Simulink software to model and analyze aircraft
movements during the ground operation phase. This model considers various important
parameters such as aircraft speed, nose landing gear deflection, and weight distribution
settings to obtain more accurate results. The results of this simulation show that changes in
the nose landing gear deflection affect aircraft movements, including the ability to change
direction with a smaller radius and shorter time. Thus, the results of this study are expected
to provide new insights into fighter aircraft design to improve ground maneuver performance
and improve fighter aircraft operational efficiency in various field conditions.

6. PROPOSED DESIGN OF AN ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM BASED ON K3 USING ALARM DETECTORS AND SPRINKLERS IN THE WORKING AREA OF AIR SQUADRON 17, HALIM PERDANAKUSUMA AIR BASE

Waspada Tedja Bhirawa — 2026-05-19

This research aims to develop a design proposal for an alarm detector and
sprinkler system in the workspace of Air Squadron 17 at Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force
Base. Aircraft hangars are work facilities with a high fire risk due to aircraft maintenance
activities, the use of technical equipment, the storage of chemicals, and the presence of
flammable materials. From an Industrial Engineering perspective, these conditions require the
design of a safe, reliable, and sustainable work system through the application of
Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) principles. One effective fire risk control measure is
the implementation of an active fire protection system in the form of automatic alarm detectors
and sprinklers. The research methods used included identifying potential fire hazards,
analyzing fire protection system requirements, calculating the number and placement of alarm
detectors and sprinklers based on applicable standards, as well as designing pipelines and
summarizing material requirements. References used in the design included the NFPA 13
standard and national regulations related to OHS and fire protection. The results of the study
indicate that the proposed alarm detector and sprinkler system design is capable of providing
optimal fire protection throughout the hangar workspace. This design is expected to improve
personnel safety, protect strategic assets, and support the operational continuity of Air
Squadron 17. Furthermore, the results of this study can serve as a technical reference in
designing fire protection systems in similar work facilities.

7. DOCTRINE TESTING FROM A COMPLEX SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE CONVENTIONAL VERSUS CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES IN THE AXIOM-BASED DOCTRINE TESTING MODEL AND SYSTEM RESILIENCE

Farrid Hidayat — 2026-05-19

This study aims to methodologically analyze the limitations of conventional doc
trine testing approaches and compare them with contemporary complex systems-based
approaches, using doctrinal axioms and system resilience as the basis for evaluation.
Operational doctrine is traditionally tested through conventional approaches that emphasize
normative compliance, historical precedent, and limited scenario-based simulations. This
approach is based on the assumption of strategic and operational environmental stability and
the linearity of cause-and-effect relationships. However, the dynamics of contemporary
strategic and operational environments which are non-linear, adaptive, and produce emergent
effects demonstrate a methodological gap between the reality of the system encountered and
the doctrine testing mechanisms employed. The study uses a conceptual qualitative approach
through a systemic-doctrinal analysis with a comparative method of epistemic assumptions,
testing logic, and validity criteria of both approaches. The analysis shows that the conventional
approach is prone to pseudo-validity because it assesses doctrine primarily based on
procedural compliance, rather than systemic resilience to environmental change and
operational disruption. In contrast, the contemporary approach offers a more structurally
consistent evaluation framework in addressing the complexity of the strategic and operational
environment. Therefore, doctrine testing needs to be reoriented from a normative verification
model to a complex systems-based evaluation model as a structural methodological necessity.
This research contributes to the development of a doctrine evaluation methodology that is more
relevant to the study of contemporary defense doctrine and strategy.

8. OPERATIONS RESEARCH MODEL IN CONVENTIONAL MILITARY DECISION-MAKING

Farrid Hidayat — 2026-05-19

This study aims to analyze the robustness and risk of military decisions through the
application of an operations research model based on sensitivity analysis. Conventional military
decision-making has historically relied on doctrine, experience, and the intuition of commanders.
This approach is adaptive, but has limitations in testing the resilience of military decisions to
changes in strategic and operational parameters. The research methodology uses a quantitative
approach with operations research modeling and sensitivity testing for key parameters such as
time, cost, and risk. The main results indicate that military decisions based on operations
research models have a more consistent level of robustness than conventional approaches. The
study's conclusions confirm that operations research models play an effective role as objective
and measurable military decision-support systems. This research contributes to strengthening
the systems and decision science approaches in the study of conventional military decisionmaking.

9. BITCOIN AS A SYSTEM THAT RESISTS RECOVERY A NON-LINEAR SYSTEM DESIGN STUDY ON SCARCITY AND SECURITY

Farrid Hidayat — 2026-05-19

This study aims to structurally examine why loss of access to Bitcoin is permanent
and to assess claims regarding the possibility of recovery, master keys, or backdoors in the
Bitcoin system. This study departs from the general trend that positions Bitcoin solely as a
monetary innovation, while its most radical aspect lies in its system design. Bitcoin is analyzed
as a non-linear formal system that defines ownership through cryptographic facts, rather than
through identity, intent, or social context. The methodology used is a conceptual-design analysis
based on cryptographic studies, protocol architecture, empirical precedents of human error, and
the implications of network consensus. The main results demonstrate that irreversibility and loss
of access are not system failures, but rather direct consequences of Bitcoin's design axioms,
which tie ownership to high-entropy private keys and reject all forms of discretionary authority.
The analysis also shows that claims of backdoors, whether mathematical, implemental,
hardware, or temporal, are structurally incoherent without undermining the fundamental
assumptions of cryptography and decentralized consensus. The study's conclusions affirm that
Bitcoin's resilience stems not from adaptive flexibility but from deliberate rule rigidity. This
research's contribution lies in mapping Bitcoin as a system design artifact that resists recovery,
while also expanding the Bitcoin discourse from the monetary realm to the study of system
design, applied cryptography, and the philosophy of technology.