Jurnal TNI Angkatan Udara

1. DEGREE OF SUPERIORITY IN AIR OPERATIONS THEORETICAL ANALYSIS, DETERMINING FACTORS, AND STRATEGIC CASE STUDY

Andri Gandhy — 2026-03-03

This study aims to analyze the degree of air superiority, a strategic concept that
plays a central role in the planning and implementation of modern air operations. This term
refers to the degree of control of an air force over a specific area that allows the execution of
missions without significant interference from opposing air forces. In general, the degree of air
superiority is classified into three categories: air parity, air superiority, and air supremacy, each
of which indicates a different degree of dominance over potential enemy air threats. Air
dominance is a strategic prerequisite that determines the outcome of modern conflicts. The
concept of degree of superiority evolves along with changes in technology, doctrine, and the
complexity of global geopolitics. In the context of air operations, achieving degree of air
superiority is influenced by various factors, including technological capabilities, the
effectiveness of air defense systems, information mastery, and the efficiency of command,
control, communications, computers, intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance (C4ISR)
systems. The interaction of these factors contributes to the success of joint operations and the
ability to maintain long-term air dominance. Effective air superiority also directly impacts the
freedom of action of one's own forces in conducting cross-service operations. A
comprehensive understanding of the degree of air superiority is a key factor in strategic
decision-making at the operational level. Integration of technological capabilities, information
superiority, and cross-service coordination is necessary to achieve sustainable air dominance.
Therefore, analyzing the degree of air superiority is not only crucial for tactical purposes but
also serves as the basis for developing comprehensive air defense doctrine and strategy. This
article discusses the theoretical framework in depth, the factors influencing its achievement,
and presents case studies from various conflicts ranging from World War II to potential conflicts
in the Indo-Pacific. This study confirms that successfully achieving air superiority depends not
only on air power alone, but also on multi-domain integration, defense industry readiness, and
political and diplomatic support.

2. CYBER VULNERABILITY MITIGATION IN WI-FI NETWORKS: INTEGRATION OF PENETRATION TESTING, SOCIAL ENGINEERING, AND SECURITY AWARENESS IN XYZ EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Firmansyah — 2026-03-03

This study aims to empirically and comprehensively assess security vulnerabilities
in military Wi-Fi networks at the XYZ defense educational institution, encompassing technical
aspects (penetration testing with Aircrack-ng, WPA2 encryption analysis) and human factors
(social engineering, personnel security awareness). A convergent mixed-methods approach
was used to integrate quantitative and qualitative data. Penetration testing conducted at four
strategic locations revealed that 75 percent of the network could be breached in less than 130
minutes due to weak passwords with low entropy (less than 60 bits) and default configurations.
Meanwhile, a survey of 50 personnel showed that 80 percent were unable to accurately identify
phishing attacks before training, and 65 percent were vulnerable to pretexting scenarios.
Vulnerability analysis using the CIA Triad framework revealed violations of Confidentiality (40
percent of traffic could be intercepted within 30m), Integrity (20 percent of the network was
vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle), and Availability (DoS through deauthentication closed 80
percent of active sessions). hese findings indicate that the human factor is the biggest
vulnerability (95 percent of global cyber breaches originate from human error or manipulation).
Therefore, mitigation recommendations are integrative and multi-layered, encompassing
technical interventions (migration to WPA3 with SAE, implementation of RADIUS and Snort
IDS), behavioral interventions (regular awareness training and monthly phishing simulations),
and organizational interventions (establishment of a 24/7 CSOC). This integrated framework
is estimated to reduce attack success by 70 percent, which is crucial for creating military cyber
resilience in accordance with the spirit of Sishankamrata and Permenhan No. 82/2014
concerning Cyber Defense.

3. APU STARTER MOTOR RELIABILITY ANALYSIS P/N 2704506 – 4 AIRBUS A320S USING WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION AND FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS AT PT INDONESIA AIRASIA

Yogi Prisma — 2026-03-03

This study aims to determine the reliability value and failure characteristics of
the APU starter motor P/N 2704506-4, as well as to identify the failure mode qualitatively to
provide improvement recommendations for PT Indonesia AirAsia. The starter motor in the
auxiliary power unit (APU) is a vital component that functions to start the operating cycle.
The method used is a mixed method, with quantitative analysis through processing historical
time to failure data from 20 unscheduled removal cases using the Weibull distribution, and
qualitative analysis through failure mode and effect analysis. Data were obtained from the
Aircraft Maintenance Manual, Component Maintenance Manual, and semi-structured
interviews with engineers. The analysis results show a value of β = 2.029 (β>1) which
indicates a wear-out failure pattern. The scale parameter η recorded 3,095.71 flight hours
with a mean time to failure of 2,742.85 hours. Reliability projections show that at 2,800 hours,
reliability drops to 44.23% with a failure probability of 55.77%. The FMEA analysis identified
three failure modes: brush wear, terminal winding burn, and oil contamination. Of these,
brush wear was the dominant failure mode, with 12 cases and the highest RPN value (252).
The study concluded that starter motor failure is predictive and dominated by brush wear.
The primary recommendation is to transition to a preventive maintenance strategy through
visual inspection of brush wear indicators and scheduled replacement at 2,500–2,600 flight
hours to reduce unscheduled removals and increase aircraft availability.

4. PNEUMATIC TEMPERATURE SENSOR FAILURE ANALYSIS P/N 767C0000-01 ON AN AIRBUS 330-300 AIRCRAFT AT PT GMF AEROASIA

Muhammad Ghani — 2026-03-03

This study aims to analyze the causes of sensor failure at PT GMF AeroAsia
Tbk. The methodology used was observation, interviews, and document analysis. Modern
aircraft rely heavily on reliable support systems, including pneumatic systems for regulating
cabin temperature and safety. On an Airbus A330-300, a problem with the pneumatic
temperature sensor was found, with corrosion on the sensor rod resulting in inaccurate
temperature readings that could impact flight safety. This study aimed to analyze the causes
of sensor failure at PT GMF AeroAsia Tbk. The methodology used was observation,
interviews, and document analysis. Data were analyzed using Pareto charts and Fault Tree
Analysis to identify the root cause. The results indicated that corrosion was the primary
cause, exacerbated by environmental factors, weak inspection procedures, and a lack of
technician understanding. In conclusion, the sensor failure was caused by a combination of
technical, procedural, and human factors. This research helps develop better aircraft
maintenance strategies to improve safety.

5. WEATHER RADAR SYSTEM FAILURE ANALYSIS ON AN AIRBUS 320-200 AIRCRAFT AT PT GMF AEROASIA USING FMEA AND RCA TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

Alfina Rahmawati — 2026-03-03

This study aims to analyze the failure of the Weather Radar System using a
mixed-methods sequential explanatory approach. Flight safety is highly dependent on the
reliability of avionics systems, one of which is the Weather Radar System that functions to
detect extreme weather phenomena. Damage to this system is categorized as a no-go item
in the MEL and based on data from the Top Delay Report of PT GMF Aero Asia Tbk for the
period 2020–2024, it ranks fifth as the highest cause of delays on the Airbus A320-200, with
341 failure reports. The quantitative stage uses Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
and Pareto Diagrams to identify critical components, while the qualitative stage uses Root
Cause Analysis (RCA) and Fishbone Diagrams to explore the root causes of failure. The
results show that the Transceiver is the most problematic component with 39% of
unscheduled removals with the dominant failure mode being Intermittent Signal with an RPN
value of 336. RCA reveals the main causal factors including human error, non-compliance
with procedures, limited tools, low material quality, and exposure to extreme environments.
Recommendations for improvement include improving technician competency, tool
procurement and calibration, stringent material vendor selection, and system protection from
extreme weather. This research is expected to support increased maintenance effectiveness,
reduce delays, and strengthen the safety culture at GMF.

6. INCREASING LARGE-SCALE AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCYWITH THE DJI AGRAS T25 DRONE: A CASE STUDY IN CILEGON

Muchammad Furqon — 2026-03-03

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of large-scale irrigation of eggplant
(Solanum melongena L.) in Ciwandan, Cilegon, using the DJI Agras T25 Drone (as Precision
Agriculture) and the Conventional Method (using 3 workers and a water pump). The variables
measured are time efficiency, labor effi ciency, water efficiency, operational costs, and crop
productivity during one planting season. The results show that the use of drones can save 85%
of time and reduce operational labor costs per watering session, with yields that are not
statistically significantly different. The operational efficiency offered by drones makes this
method superior for the sustainability and profitability of large-scale agriculture

7. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPUKTA REGULATIONS: A STUDY OF VLOS OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE BETWEEN THE FAA, EASA, AND DGCA INDONESIA

Muchammad Furqon — 2026-03-03

This study aims to critically analyze and compare the SPUKTA VLOS operational
procedure framework in the Control Area established by three major aviation authorities: the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA),
and the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) Indonesia. The integration of Small
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (SPUKTA) or drones into civil airspace, particularly in the Control
Area (CTR), requires strict and uniform operational procedures. The most common Visual Line
of Sight (VLOS) operations pose a high risk in controlled airspace if not properly regulated.
Using a descriptive qualitative method with comparative content analysis of primary regulatory
documents (FAA Part 107, EASA Reg. (EU) 2019/947, pm 37 of 2020 and PM 63 of
2021/CASR Part 107 Indonesia), the comparison focuses on five key procedural variables:
Operational Clearance Mechanism, Operational Altitude Limit, Pilot Communication
Requirements, Time Window Provisions, and Pre-flight Procedures. The results show that
while the FAA and EASA offer mature systems (automated LAANC vs. risk-based Geozone),
the Indonesian DGCA relies on manual permitting processes and local authority discretion.
This disparity indicates a gap in regional automation and standardization. This study
recommends that the Indonesian DGCA consider implementing a real-time authorization
system and digital Geozone to improve compliance and efficiency of VLOS SPUKTA
operations in the Control Area.

8. DESIGN OF AN IOT-BASED REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR YOGYAKARTA AIRPORT LOCALIZER WITH AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER AND REAL-TIME NOTIFICATION FEATURES

Muchammad Furqon — 2026-03-03

This research on remote monitoring design aims to determine the condition and
control the Localizer equipment in normal or alarm conditions. It can also assist in changing
over during ground checks, accessible via smartphone using the Blynk app. This design uses
an optocoupler sensor to detect the electrical current flowing through the LEDs on the Localizer
Remote Control Unit (RCU). This allows the indicator readings to be sent to the Internet of
Things (IoT) using a NodeMCU Wi-Fi module that communicates serially with an Arduino. The
IoT functions to display real-time conditions and control the Localizer equipment in normal or
alarm conditions, accessible via smartphone using the Blynk app. The tool I will design is an
Internet of Things-based remote monitoring localizer. It is hoped that this remote monitoring
tool will facilitate technicians in determining the condition of the Localizer and assist in changing
over during ground checks.

9. STRATEGIES, CHALLENGES, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE POLICE

Erika Merdiana Armono — 2026-03-03

This study aims to analyze the implementation of gender mainstreaming policies
within the Indonesian National Police (Polri) and identify challenges and gaps in their
implementation. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods to
evaluate how the Indonesian National Police (Polri) has integrated gender equality principles
into its operations and human resource policies, including policy documents, internal reports,
and interviews with Polri personnel. The results indicate that although the Polri has
demonstrated its commitment to gender mainstreaming through the issuance of Police Chief
Regulation Number 1 of 2022, its implementation remains suboptimal. Significant disparities
exist between male and female police officers in recruitment, promotion, and job placement.
Female police officers (Polwan) often face certain limitations not experienced by male police
officers (Polki), such as specific recruitment criteria and a lack of opportunities for open
promotions. Consequently, the majority of female police officers remain confined to
administrative and health roles, with few reaching senior leadership positions.